The "Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats" (TROPICS) mission has a goal of providing nearly all-weather observations of three-dimensional temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. The mission comprises a constellation of five identical Space Vehicles (SVs) conforming to the 3U form factor and hosting a passive microwave spectrometer payload.

Each SV hosts an identical high-performance spectrometer named the TROPICS Millimeter-wave Sounder (TMS) that will provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75-GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183-GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel near 205 GHz that is more sensitive to cloud-sized ice particles.

This dataset is from the TROPICS03 satellite, as the Beta version of the Level 2B geophysical retrieval of atmospheric vertical temperature (kelvins) at the larger unified F-band resolution, retrieval of vertical moisture (g/kg) at the finer G-band spatial resolution, and total Precipitable Water (mm) at the finer G-band spatial resolution. Each TROPICS netCDF file contains a granule of data with 81 spots and approximately 2880 scans, where a granule is defined as an orbit's worth of data.

This provisional TROPICS03 data release starts in the middle of June 2023 and TROPICS06 starts at the beginning of June 2023. Both data sets are updated nightly. There are some blackout periods where data is unavailable while the TROPICS team addresses a calibration issue that occurs during the warmest instrument temperatures. The warmest temperatures happen at extreme CubeSat solar beta angles. See README for this and other calibration observations and the Data Product Users Guide for orbit details.

The "Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats" (TROPICS) mission has a goal of providing nearly all-weather observations of three-dimensional temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. The mission comprises a constellation of five identical Space Vehicles (SVs) conforming to the 3U form factor and hosting a passive microwave spectrometer payload.

Each SV hosts an identical high-performance spectrometer named the TROPICS Millimeter-wave Sounder (TMS) that will provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75-GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183-GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel near 205 GHz that is more sensitive to cloud-sized ice particles.

This dataset is from the TROPICS03 satellite, as the Beta version of the Level 2B geophysical retrieval of atmospheric vertical temperature (kelvins) at the larger unified F-band resolution, retrieval of vertical moisture (g/kg) at the finer G-band spatial resolution, and total Precipitable Water (mm) at the finer G-band spatial resolution. Each TROPICS netCDF file contains a granule of data with 81 spots and approximately 2880 scans, where a granule is defined as an orbit's worth of data.

This provisional TROPICS03 data release starts in the middle of June 2023 and TROPICS06 starts at the beginning of June 2023. Both data sets are updated nightly. There are some blackout periods where data is unavailable while the TROPICS team addresses a calibration issue that occurs during the warmest instrument temperatures. The warmest temperatures happen at extreme CubeSat solar beta angles. See README for this and other calibration observations and the Data Product Users Guide for orbit details.

PEM-Tropics-B_Model_Data is the model data collected during the Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM) Tropics B suborbital campaign. Data collection for this product is complete.

From 1983-2001, NASA conducted a collection of field campaigns as part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE). Among those was PEM, which intended to improve the scientific understanding of human influence on tropospheric chemistry. Part of the PEM field campaigns were focused on the tropical Pacific region (PEM-Tropics) which was recognized as a “very large chemical vessel.” The overarching science objective was to assess the anthropogenic impact on tropospheric oxidizing power. A secondary objective was to investigate the impact of atmospheric sulfur chemistry, including oxidation of marine biogenic emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) on aerosol loading and radiative effect, which is of critical importance in the assessment of global climate change. The PEM-Tropics mission was conducted in two phases to contrast the influence of biomass burning in the dry season and the “relatively clean” wet season. The first, PEM-Tropics A, was carried out during the end of the dry season (August-September 1996), and the second, PEM-Topics B, was conducted during the wet season (March-April 1999).
To accomplish its objectives, PEM-Tropics enlisted the NASA DC-8 and P-3B aircrafts to carry out longitudinal and latitudinal surveys at various altitudes as well as vertical profile sampling across the Pacific basin. Both aircrafts were equipped with in-situ instruments measuring hydroperoxyl radicals (HOx), ozone (O3), photochemical precursors (including, reactive nitrogen species and non-methane hydrocarbon species), and intermediate products (e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), formaldehyde (CH2O), and acetic acid (CH3OOH). The P3-B in-situ instrument payload also included a direct measurement of hydroxyl (OH) for both missions, while the OH and hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) measurements were added to DC-8 aircraft for PEM-Tropics B. Taking advantage of its excellent low altitude capability, the P-3B was instrumented with a comprehensive sulfur measurement package and conducted pseudo-Lagragian sampling for evaluating DMS oxidation chemistry, including measurements of DMS, sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and methylsulfonic acid (MSA) as well as the first airborne measurement of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) during PEM-Tropics B. More importantly, it was the first time that DMS (the source), OH and O3 (primary oxidants), and products (DMSO, MSA, H2SO4, SO2) were measured simultaneously aboard an aircraft in the tropical pacific. These observations, specifically DMSO, presented a substantial challenge to the DMS oxidation kinetics to this day. The DC-8 aircraft was equipped with the Differential Absoprtion Lidar (DIAL) during PEM-Tropics A, and the differential absorption lidars DIAL and LASE during PEM-Tropics B. These lidars provided real-time information for fine tuning the flight tracks to capture sampling opportunities. The lidar data products themselves provide valuable information of vertical profiles of ozone as well as aerosol and water vapor in tropical Pacific Furthermore, both aircrafts were fitted with instruments for aerosol composition and microphysical property measurements. Detailed description related to the motivation, implementation, and instrument payloads are available in the PEM-Tropics A overview paper and the PEM-Tropics B overview paper. Most of the publications based on PEM-Tropics A and B observations are available in the Journal of Geophysical Research special issues: Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics A and NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropics Phase B: Measurement and Analyses (PEM-Tropics B), while other publications such as Nowak et al. (2001) were published prior to the special issues.

PEM-Tropics-A_MetNav_AircraftInSitu_DC8_Data is the in situ meteorology and navigation data collected onboard the DC-8 aircraft during the Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM) Tropics A suborbital campaign. Data from the DC-8 Data Acquisition and Distribution System (DADS) and the Diode Laser Hygrometer (DLH) are featured in this collection. Data collection for this product is complete.

From 1983-2001, NASA conducted a collection of field campaigns as part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE). Among those was PEM, which intended to improve the scientific understanding of human influence on tropospheric chemistry. Part of the PEM field campaigns were focused on the tropical Pacific region (PEM-Tropics) which was recognized as a “very large chemical vessel.” The overarching science objective was to assess the anthropogenic impact on tropospheric oxidizing power. A secondary objective was to investigate the impact of atmospheric sulfur chemistry, including oxidation of marine biogenic emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) on aerosol loading and radiative effect, which is of critical importance in the assessment of global climate change. The PEM-Tropics mission was conducted in two phases to contrast the influence of biomass burning in the dry season and the “relatively clean” wet season. The first, PEM-Tropics A, was carried out during the end of the dry season (August-September 1996), and the second, PEM-Topics B, was conducted during the wet season (March-April 1999).
To accomplish its objectives, PEM-Tropics enlisted the NASA DC-8 and P-3B aircrafts to carry out longitudinal and latitudinal surveys at various altitudes as well as vertical profile sampling across the Pacific basin. Both aircrafts were equipped with in-situ instruments measuring hydroperoxyl radicals (HOx), ozone (O3), photochemical precursors (including, reactive nitrogen species and non-methane hydrocarbon species), and intermediate products (e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), formaldehyde (CH2O), and acetic acid (CH3OOH). The P3-B in-situ instrument payload also included a direct measurement of hydroxyl (OH) for both missions, while the OH and hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) measurements were added to DC-8 aircraft for PEM-Tropics B. Taking advantage of its excellent low altitude capability, the P-3B was instrumented with a comprehensive sulfur measurement package and conducted pseudo-Lagragian sampling for evaluating DMS oxidation chemistry, including measurements of DMS, sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and methylsulfonic acid (MSA) as well as the first airborne measurement of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) during PEM-Tropics B. More importantly, it was the first time that DMS (the source), OH and O3 (primary oxidants), and products (DMSO, MSA, H2SO4, SO2) were measured simultaneously aboard an aircraft in the tropical pacific. These observations, specifically DMSO, presented a substantial challenge to the DMS oxidation kinetics to this day. The DC-8 aircraft was equipped with the Differential Absoprtion Lidar (DIAL) during PEM-Tropics A, and the differential absorption lidars DIAL and LASE during PEM-Tropics B. These lidars provided real-time information for fine tuning the flight tracks to capture sampling opportunities. The lidar data products themselves provide valuable information of vertical profiles of ozone as well as aerosol and water vapor in tropical Pacific Furthermore, both aircrafts were fitted with instruments for aerosol composition and microphysical property measurements. Detailed description related to the motivation, implementation, and instrument payloads are available in the PEM-Tropics A overview paper and the PEM-Tropics B overview paper. Most of the publications based on PEM-Tropics A and B observations are available in the Journal of Geophysical Research special issues: Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics A and NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropics Phase B: Measurement and Analyses

!!!Temporary notice posted Sept. 27th, 2024!!! These data are in the process of being ingested and not all files are available yet. The data were made public early to allow assessment by early science users. Accordingly, not all data set resources may be available yet. Please check over the next 2-3 weeks for finalization of this data set and PO.DAAC's release announcement.



This dataset includes satellite-based observations of calibrated, geo-located antenna temperature and brightness temperatures, along with the sensor telemetry used to derive those values. Brightness temperatures are derived from the microwave band frequencies 87, 164, 174, 178 and 181 GHz. This product is best suited for a cal/val user or sensor expert. These level 1c measurements make up the temperature sensor data record (TSDR) from the TEMPEST (Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical Systems) sensor aboard the international space station (ISS), starting in January 2022 forward-streaming to PO.DAAC till the planned mission end in December 2024. TEMPEST swath width is 1400 kilometers and resolution at nadir is 25 km for the 87 GHz channel and 13 km for the 180 GHz channels. Data files in HDF5 format are available at roughly hourly frequency (the ISS orbit period is ~90 minutes), although note that the coverage shown in the thumbnail is for a full day. Files include calibration and flag data in addition to brightness temperatures. Version 10.0 is the first public release, and is named as such to be consistent with the internal version numbering of the project team prior to release.



The TEMPEST instrument is a microwave radiometer deployed as part of the Space Test Program - Houston 8 (STP-H8) technology demonstration mission, with the primary objective of tropical cyclone intensity tracking. It operates nominally on-orbit aboard the ISS and data are non-sun-synchronous. A successful mission will demonstrate a lower-cost, lighter-weight sensor architecture for providing microwave data. TEMPEST was provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and flown by the United States Space Force, Space Systems Command, Development Corps for Innovation and Prototyping.

!!!Temporary notice posted Sept. 27th, 2024!!! These data are in the process of being ingested and not all files are available yet. The data were made public early to allow assessment by early science users. Accordingly, not all data set resources may be available yet. Please check over the next 2-3 weeks for finalization of this data set and PO.DAAC's release announcement.



This data set includes satellite-based observations of calibrated, geo-located antenna temperature and brightness temperatures, along with the sensor telemetry used to derive those values. Brightness temperatures are derived from the microwave band frequencies 18.7 GHz, 23.8 GHz, and 34.5 GHz. This product is best suited for a cal/val user or sensor expert. These level 1c measurements make up the temperature sensor data record (TSDR) from the COWVR (Compact Ocean Wind Vector Radiometer) sensor aboard the international space station (ISS), starting in January 2022 forward-streaming to PO.DAAC till the planned mission end in December 2024. Its swath width is 1012 km and spatial resolution is <35 km. Data files in HDF5 format are available at roughly hourly frequency (the ISS orbit period is ~90 minutes), although note that the coverage shown in the thumbnail is for a full day. Files include calibration and flag data in addition to brightness temperatures. Version 10.0 is the first public release, and is named as such to be consistent with the internal version numbers of the project team prior to release



The COWVR sensor is a fully polarimetric, conically imaging microwave radiometer for measuring ocean surface wind vectors. It operates nominally on-orbit aboard the ISS and data are non-sun-synchronous. It was deployed as part of the Space Test Program - Houston 8 (STP-H8) technology demonstration mission. A successful COWVR mission will demonstrate a lower-cost sensor architecture (e.g. in comparison to WindSat) for providing imaging passive microwave data, including ocean surface vector wind products for the Department of Defense (DoD). COWVR was provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and flown by the United States Space Force, Space Systems Command, Development Corps for Innovation and Prototyping.

The "Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats" (TROPICS) mission has a goal of providing nearly all-weather observations of three-dimensional temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. The mission comprises a constellation of five identical Space Vehicles (SVs) conforming to the 3U form factor and hosting a passive microwave spectrometer payload.

Each SV hosts an identical high-performance spectrometer named the TROPICS Millimeter-wave Sounder (TMS) that will provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75-GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183-GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel near 205 GHz that is more sensitive to cloud-sized ice particles.

This dataset is from the TROPICS07 satellite, as the Provisional version of the Level 2A geolocated brightness temperature with the water vapor sounding channels (Ch. 9 to 12) converted from their native G-band resolution to the temperature sounding channel (F-band) native resolution (i.e., all measurements at the same unified larger resolution). This product is used in the Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile (AVTP) retrievals to gain the benefit of averaging the G-band channels (i.e., noise reduction) while maintain the F-band (AVTP) spatial resolution. The conversion uses the Backus-Gilbert technique. Each TROPICS netCDF file contains a granule of data with 81 spots and approximately 2880 scans, where a granule is defined as an orbit's worth of data.

The "Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats" (TROPICS) mission has a goal of providing nearly all-weather observations of three-dimensional temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. The mission comprises a constellation of five identical Space Vehicles (SVs) conforming to the 3U form factor and hosting a passive microwave spectrometer payload.

Each SV hosts an identical high-performance spectrometer named the TROPICS Millimeter-wave Sounder (TMS) that will provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75-GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183-GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel near 205 GHz that is more sensitive to cloud-sized ice particles.

This dataset is from the TROPICS05 satellite, as the Provisional version of the Level 2A geolocated brightness temperature with the water vapor sounding channels (Ch. 9 to 12) converted from their native G-band resolution to the temperature sounding channel (F-band) native resolution (i.e., all measurements at the same unified larger resolution). This product is used in the Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile (AVTP) retrievals to gain the benefit of averaging the G-band channels (i.e., noise reduction) while maintain the F-band (AVTP) spatial resolution. The conversion uses the Backus-Gilbert technique. Each TROPICS netCDF file contains a granule of data with 81 spots and approximately 2880 scans, where a granule is defined as an orbit's worth of data.

The "Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats" (TROPICS) mission has a goal of providing nearly all-weather observations of three-dimensional temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. The mission comprises a constellation of five identical Space Vehicles (SVs) conforming to the 3U form factor and hosting a passive microwave spectrometer payload.

Each SV hosts an identical high-performance spectrometer named the TROPICS Millimeter-wave Sounder (TMS) that will provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75-GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183-GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel near 205 GHz that is more sensitive to cloud-sized ice particles.

This dataset is from the TROPICS06 satellite, as the Validated Stage-1 version of the Level 2A geolocated brightness temperature with the water vapor sounding channels (Ch. 9 to 12) converted from their native G-band resolution to the temperature sounding channel (F-band) native resolution (i.e., all measurements at the same unified larger resolution). This product is used in the Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile (AVTP) retrievals to gain the benefit of averaging the G-band channels (i.e., noise reduction) while maintain the F-band (AVTP) spatial resolution. The conversion uses the Backus-Gilbert technique. Each TROPICS netCDF file contains a granule of data with 81 spots and approximately 2880 scans, where a granule is defined as an orbit's worth of data.

The "Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats" (TROPICS) mission has a goal of providing nearly all-weather observations of three-dimensional temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. The mission comprises a constellation of five identical Space Vehicles (SVs) conforming to the 3U form factor and hosting a passive microwave spectrometer payload.

Each SV hosts an identical high-performance spectrometer named the TROPICS Millimeter-wave Sounder (TMS) that will provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75-GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183-GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel near 205 GHz that is more sensitive to cloud-sized ice particles.

This dataset is from the TROPICS03 satellite, as the Validated Stage-1 version of the Level 2A geolocated brightness temperature with the water vapor sounding channels (Ch. 9 to 12) converted from their native G-band resolution to the temperature sounding channel (F-band) native resolution (i.e., all measurements at the same unified larger resolution). This product is used in the Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile (AVTP) retrievals to gain the benefit of averaging the G-band channels (i.e., noise reduction) while maintain the F-band (AVTP) spatial resolution. The conversion uses the Backus-Gilbert technique. Each TROPICS netCDF file contains a granule of data with 81 spots and approximately 2880 scans, where a granule is defined as an orbit's worth of data.