This study describes the transcriptional response of P. aeruginosa PAO1 to low-Earth orbit environmental conditions. Our aim was to assess whether the microgravity environment of spaceflight could induce virulence traits in P. aeruginosa. To this end P. aeruginosa cultures were grown in space and the expression profile was compared with ground control samples (both in biological triplicate). Characterization of bacterial behavior in the microgravity environment of spaceflight is of importance towards risk assessment and prevention of infectious disease during long-term missions. Further this research field unveils new insights into connections between low fluid-shear regions encountered by pathogens during their natural infection process in vivo and bacterial virulence. This study is the first to characterize the global transcriptomic and proteomic response of an opportunistic pathogen that is actually found in the space habitat Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall P. aeruginosa responded to spaceflight conditions through differential regulation of 167 genes and 28 proteins with Hfq identified as a global transcriptional regulator in the response to this environment. Since Hfq was also induced in spaceflight-grown Salmonella typhimurium Hfq represents the first spaceflight-induced regulator across the bacterial species border. The major P. aeruginosa virulence-related genes induced in spaceflight conditions were the lecA and lecB lectins and the rhamnosyltransferase (rhlA) involved in the production of rhamnolipids. The transcriptional response of spaceflight-grown P. aeruginosa was compared with our previous data of this organism grown in microgravity-analogue conditions using the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor technology. Interesting similarities were observed among others with regard to Hfq regulation and oxygen utilization. While LSMMG-grown P. aeruginosa mainly induced genes involved in microaerophilic metabolism P. aeruginosa cultured in spaceflight adopted an anaerobic mode of growth in which denitrification was presumably most prominent. Differences in hardware between spaceflight and LSMMG experiments in combination with more pronounced low fluid shear and mixing in spaceflight when compared to LSMMG conditions were hypothesized to be at the origin of these observations. Collectively our data suggest that spaceflight conditions could induce the transition of P. aeruginosa from an opportunistic organism to potential pathogen results that are of importance for infectious disease risk assessment and prevention both during spaceflight missions and in the clinic.

These investigations studied the fundamentals of how plants perceive gravity and develop in microgravity. It informs how gene regulation is altered by spaceflight conditions.

Here in this study we systematically examined the patterns of DNA methylation and hydroxy-methylation with its functional implications in gene regulation for the cultured TK6 lymphoblastoid cells upon exposure to micro-gravity conditions. The results reported here indicate that simulated microgravity alters methylation patterns in a limited way and subsequently the expression of genes involved in stress response like ATF3 FBXO17 MAP3K13 and VCL in TK6 cells. Overall design: Examination of RNA-seq with 2 replicates each for 1 cell type

Entire microRNA expression were analyzed using the Filgen Array miRNA Caenorhabditis elegans 232 probes (Filgen). In the microRNA expression analysis we compared the expression data between two groups: micro-gravity samples (4 d and 8 d) and controls (4 d and 8 d ground control and 1 G centrifuge onboard ISS).

These investigations studied the fundamentals of how plants perceive gravity and develop in microgravity. It informs how gene regulation is altered by spaceflight conditions.

These investigations studied the fundamentals of how plants perceive gravity and develop in microgravity. It informs how gene regulation is altered by spaceflight conditions.

Entire microRNA expression were analyzed using the Filgen Array miRNA Caenorhabditis elegans 232 probes (Filgen). In the microRNA expression analysis we compared the expression data between two groups: micro-gravity samples (4 d and 8 d) and controls (4 d and 8 d ground control and 1 G centrifuge onboard ISS).

The Execution Service allows users to submit, monitor, and cancel complex jobs. Each job consists of a set of tasks that perform actions such as executing applications and managing data. Each task is executed based on a starting condition that is an expression on the states of other tasks. This formulation allows tasks to be executed in parallel and also allows a user to specify tasks to execute when other tasks succeed, fail or are cancelled.

IND is applicable to most data sets consisting of independent instances, each described by a fixed length vector of attribute values. An attribute value may be a number, one of a set of attribute specific symbols, or omitted. One of the attributes is delegated the 'target' and IND grows trees to predict the target. Prediction can then be done on new data or the decision tree printed out for inspection.

The Crisis Mapping Toolkit (CMT) is a collection of tools for processing geospatial data (images, satellite data, etc.) into cartographic products that improve understanding of large-scale crises, such as natural disasters. The cartographic products produced by CMT include flood inundation maps, maps of damaged or destroyed structures, forest fire maps, population density estimates, etc. CMT is designed to rapidly process large-scale data using Google Earth Engine and other geospatial data systems.