SONEX_Other_Data_1 is the supplementary datasets for the SONEx suborbital campaign. Included in this product are images from the National Lightning Data Network (NLDN) and Optical Transient Detector (OTD).
The SASS (Subsonics Assessment) Ozone and NOx Experiment (SONEX) was an international, multi-organizational mission that took place in October-November 1997. NASA was the US sponsor of SONEX that partnered with POLINAT-2 (Pollution from Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor) funded by the German DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt) or German Aerospace Agency. NASA flew the DC-8 aircraft out of NASA/Ames Research Center. DLR operated an instrumented Falcon 20 aircraft. The staging locations for NAFC sampling were primarily Bangor, Maine (US), and Shannon, Ireland. Subsonic aircraft emissions impact several aspects of atmospheric composition: nitrogen oxides (NOx), CO, and hydrocarbons from emissions can perturb upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UT/LS) ozone; water vapor, soot, and sulfur oxides (SOx) emitted by aircraft may perturb clouds and aerosols, changing UT/LS radiative forcing and global temperature.
In SONEX and POLINAT, flights were conducted in the vicinity of the North Atlantic Flight Coordinator (NAFC) to observe the impact of aircraft emissions on NOx and ozone (O3). The DC-8 aircraft payload (Singh et al., 1999) primarily measured in-situ CO, CO2, hydrocarbons/halocarbons, O3, aerosols (Dibb et al., 2000), OH/HO2, water vapor, nitric acid (Talbot et al., 1999), photolysis rates, temperature, pressure, winds, NOx, and NOy.
Three sampling approaches were implemented during SONEX. First, special meteorological (Fuelberg et al., 2000) were developed to allow targeted sampling for air parcels affected by aircraft emissions and various meteorological events, e.g., convection, lightning (Jeker et al., 2000), stratospheric intrusions (Cho et al., 2000). Second, because the NAFC had not been extensively sampled in the past, it was important for SONEX to characterize the climatology of trace species like CN (Wang et al., 2000), NOx and NOy (Koike et al., 2000). Third, tracers (Simpson et al., 2000; Thompson et al., 1999) and model sensitivity studies (Meijer et al., 2000) were employed for Air Mass Identification. This sampling strategy answered the following questions: Where and when are air masses found with the greatest aircraft influence? When and where was stratospheric air sampled? SONEX showed a substantial impact of aircraft emissions on UT/LS NOx and CN in the vicinity of fresh aircraft emissions. However, during October-November 1997 over the NAFC, UT/LS NOx was dominated by surface emissions redistributed by convection and augmented by lightning.

SONEX_Miscellaneous_Data_1 is the ancillary datasets from the SASS (Subsonics Assessment) Ozone and NOx Experiment (SONEX). This dataset contains gif and postscript files of datasets to support DC-8 aircraft measurements. Data collection for this product is complete.
The SASS (Subsonics Assessment) Ozone and NOx Experiment (SONEX) was an international, multi-organizational mission that took place in October-November 1997. NASA was the US sponsor of SONEX that partnered with POLINAT-2 (Pollution from Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor) funded by the German DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt) or German Aerospace Agency. NASA flew the DC-8 aircraft out of NASA/Ames Research Center. DLR operated an instrumented Falcon 20 aircraft. The staging locations for NAFC sampling were primarily Bangor, Maine (US), and Shannon, Ireland. Subsonic aircraft emissions impact several aspects of atmospheric composition: nitrogen oxides (NOx), CO, and hydrocarbons from emissions can perturb upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UT/LS) ozone; water vapor, soot, and sulfur oxides (SOx) emitted by aircraft may perturb clouds and aerosols, changing UT/LS radiative forcing and global temperature.
In SONEX and POLINAT, flights were conducted in the vicinity of the North Atlantic Flight Coordinator (NAFC) to observe the impact of aircraft emissions on NOx and ozone (O3). The DC-8 aircraft payload (Singh et al., 1999) primarily measured in-situ CO, CO2, hydrocarbons/halocarbons, O3, aerosols (Dibb et al., 2000), OH/HO2, water vapor, nitric acid (Talbot et al., 1999), photolysis rates, temperature, pressure, winds, NOx, and NOy.
Three sampling approaches were implemented during SONEX. First, special meteorological (Fuelberg et al., 2000) were developed to allow targeted sampling for air parcels affected by aircraft emissions and various meteorological events, e.g., convection, lightning (Jeker et al., 2000), stratospheric intrusions (Cho et al., 2000). Second, because the NAFC had not been extensively sampled in the past, it was important for SONEX to characterize the climatology of trace species like CN (Wang et al., 2000), NOx and NOy (Koike et al., 2000). Third, tracers (Simpson et al., 2000; Thompson et al., 1999) and model sensitivity studies (Meijer et al., 2000) were employed for Air Mass Identification. This sampling strategy answered the following questions: Where and when are air masses found with the greatest aircraft influence? When and where was stratospheric air sampled? SONEX showed a substantial impact of aircraft emissions on UT/LS NOx and CN in the vicinity of fresh aircraft emissions. However, during October-November 1997 over the NAFC, UT/LS NOx was dominated by surface emissions redistributed by convection and augmented by lightning.

The Quality Controlled Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on International Space Station (ISS) Backgrounds dataset was collected by the LIS instrument mounted on the ISS and are used to detect the distribution and variability of total lightning occurring in the Earth’s tropical and subtropical regions. This dataset consists of quality controlled science data. This data collection can be used for severe storm detection and analysis, as well as for lightning-atmosphere interaction studies. The LIS instrument makes measurements during both day and night with high detection efficiency. The data are available in both HDF-4 and netCDF-4 formats.

The GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) Gridded Data Products consist of full disk extent gridded lightning flash data collected by the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 16 and 17 (GOES-16 and GOES-17). These satellites are a part of the GOES-R series program: a four satellite series within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) GOES program. GLM is the first operational geostationary optical lightning detector that provides total lightning data (in-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, and cloud-to-ground flashes). While it detects each of these types of lightning, the GLM is unable to distinguish between each type. The GLM GOES L3 dataset files contain gridded lightning flash data over the Western Hemisphere in netCDF-4 format from December 31, 2017 to present as this is an ongoing dataset.

The Quality Controlled Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on International Space Station (ISS) Science Data dataset was collected by the LIS instrument mounted on the ISS and are used to detect the distribution and variability of total lightning occurring in the Earth’s tropical and subtropical regions. This dataset consists of quality controlled science data. This data collection can be used for severe storm detection and analysis, as well as for lightning-atmosphere interaction studies. The LIS instrument makes measurements during both day and night with high detection efficiency. The data are available in both HDF-4 and netCDF-4 formats, with corresponding browse images in GIF format.

PISTON-ONR-NOAA_RVThompson_2019 is the Propagation of Intra-Seasonal Tropical Oscillations (PISTON) 2018 Research Vessel (RV) Thompson data product. This product is the result of a joint effort that involved NASA as well as the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Data was collected collection for this product using multiple instruments on the RV Thompson platform including: SEA-going POLarimetric Doppler Radar (SEA-POL), Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD), Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), Chameleon Microstructure Profiler (CHAM), and SurfOtter Platform (SO). Data collection is complete.

The PISTON field campaign, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), was designed to gain understanding and enhance the prediction capability of multi-scale tropical atmospheric convection and air-sea interaction in this region. PISTON targeted the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO), which defines the northward and eastward movement of convection associated with equatorial waves, the MJO, tropical cyclones, and the Maritime Continent monsoon during northern-hemispheric (boreal) summertime. PISTON completed three total shipboard cruises (this doi), deployed eight drifting ocean profiling floats and two full-depth ocean moorings, collaborated with a Japanese research vessel collecting similar data, and also made use of soundings from nearby islands. These activities took place in the Philippine Sea, which is in the tropical northwestern Pacific Ocean north of Palau, between August 2018 - September 2019, with each dataset spanning a slightly different amount of time. There were two US research vessels involved in PISTON: R/V Thomas G. Thompson in Aug-Sept and Sept-Oct 2018 (this doi) and R/V Sally Ride in Sept 2019. The first 2018 cruise coincided collaborative activities with R/V Mirai. The 2019 cruise coincided with the NASA CAMP2Ex airborne field experiment (Clouds, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes-Philippines Experiment, please see more info below). The two specialized moorings were deployed north of Palau and collected data from August 2018 - Oct 2019 to document a time series of ocean characteristics beneath typhoons and other tropical weather disturbances. Toward the same goal, eight profiling ocean floats were also deployed ahead of typhoons in 2018.

For characterization of clouds and precipitation, the PISTON shipboard instrument payload included a scanning C-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (SEA-POL), a vertically-pointing Doppler W-band radar, and multiple vertically- and horizontally-scanning lidars. Rawinsondes were launched from the ships for atmospheric profiling. Additional radiosonde and precipitation radar data were collected from R/V Mirai via an international collaboration. Regular soundings were also archived from islands neighboring the Philippines and the Philippine Sea: Dongsha Island, Taiping Island, Yap, Palau, and Guam. Additional atmospheric sampling from the PISTON R/V Thompson 2018 and Sally Ride 2019 cruises included an electric field meter and disdrometer in 2018, and all-sky camera images in 2019. To document near-surface meteorological conditions, air-sea fluxes, and upper-ocean variability including ocean vertical profiles on these cruises, instruments were deployed on and towed from the ship. Additional profiles of ocean acoustics and oceanic chemistry were not archived but are available upon request by James N. Moum, Oregon State University, jim.moum@oregonstate.edu. A forecast team analyzed and predicted conditions of the weather and ocean throughout the PISTON experiment, which were not archived but are available upon request for future modeling and observational analysis studies (contacts: Sue Chen, US Naval Research Lab Monterey, sue.chen@nrlmry.navy.mil and Michael M. Bell, Colorado State University, mmbell@colostate.edu).

There are five total

The North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) Raw Data are used to validate the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the International Space Station (ISS), the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) instrument, and other current and future lightning measurements. These data are also used in convective storm process studies, including but not limited to validation of convection-resolving models that predict lightning. These NALMA data files are available from December 17, 2019 and are ongoing in ASCII format.

The TRMM Cyclone Precipitation Feature (TCPF) Database - Level 1 provides Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-based tropical cyclone data in a common framework for hurricane science research. This dataset aggregated observations from each of the TRMM instruments for each satellite orbit that was coincident with a tropical cyclone in any of the six TC-prone ocean basins. These swath data were co-located and subsetted to a 20-degree longitude by 20-degree latitude bounding box centered on the tropical storm, which is typically large enough to observe the various sizes of TCs and their immediate environments. The TCPF Level 1 dataset was created by researchers at Florida International University (FIU) and the University of Utah (UU) from the UU TRMM Precipitation Feature database. The TCPF database was built by extracting those precipitation features that are identified as tropical cyclones (TC) using the TC best-track data provided by National Hurricane Center or the US Navy's Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

The TRMM-LBA Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) dataset consists of electrical field measurements of lightning from eight field mills, conductivity probe temperatures from two probes, and navigation data, for the period of January 22 through February 24, 1999. These data were collected by the LIP instrument flown aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft over the Amazon River basin in Brazil during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission-Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM-LBA) field campaign. The LIP instrument was used to validate measurements by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). These data are provided in HDF-4 format with browse imagery available in GIF format.

The TCSP ER-2 Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) dataset consists of electrical field measurements of lightning from seven field mills, air conductivity data from a two channel conductivity probe, and navigation data, for the period of July 2 to July 27, 2005. These data were collected by the Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) flown aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft during the Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes (TCSP) field campaign in July 2005. The main goal of the campaign was to gain further insight into the structure and lifecycle of tropical weather systems. The TCSP ER-2 LIP data are provided in ASCII text files with PNG browse image files.